References

Moringa

Spirulina

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2. Ayehunie S, Belay A, Baba TW, et al. (1998): Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by an aqueous extract of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol, 18:7"“12.

3. Becker EW, Jakober B, Luft D, et al.(1986): Clinical and biochemical evaluations of the alga Spirulina with regard to its application in the treatment of obesity. A double-blind crossover study. Nutr Rep Intl, 33:565"“73.

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6. Prevention of experimental oral cancer by extracts of spirulina-dunaliella algae. by J. Schwartz, G. Shklar, et al. 1988. Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Pub. in Nutrition and Cancer, 11, 127-134. 1988. USA.

7. Clinical and biochemical evaluations of spirulina with regard to its application in the treatment of obesity. by E.W. Becker, et al. 1986. Inst. Chem. Pfanz. Pub. in Nutrition Reports Int'l, Vol. 33, No. 4, pg 565. Germany.

8. Effects of spirulina on hypercholesterolemia and fatty liver in rats. by T. Kato and K. Takemoto. 1984. Saitama Medical College. Pub. in Japan Nutr. Foods Assoc. Journal. 37:323. Japan.

9. Dagnelie PC, van Staveren WA, van den Berg H. (1991): Vitamin B-12 from algae appears not to be bioavailable. Am J Clin Nutr, 53:695"“97.

10. Qureshi M.A., Kidd M.T., and Ali R.A., Journal of Nutritional Immunology V.3(4) 1995, pages 35-45. Spirulina platensis Extract Enhances Chicken Macrophage Functions After in vitro Exposure.

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12. Gonzalez de Rivera C, Miranda-Zamora? R, Diaz-Zagoya? JC, et al. (1993): Preventive effect of Spirulina maxima on the fatty liver induced by a fructose-rich diet in the rat, a preliminary report. Life Sci, 53:57"“6

13. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by an aqueous extract of spirulina. by Ayehunie, Belay et al. 7th IAAA Conf., Knysna, South Africa. 1996. USA.

14. Calcium Spirulan, an inhibitor of enveloped virus replication, from a blue-green alga Spirulina. by Hayashi et al. 1996. Pub. in Journal of Natural Products, 59, 83-87. Japan.

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16. AIDS Antiviral sulfolipids from cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). by K. Gustafson, et al. 1989. Pub. in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, August 16, 1989, pg 1254. USA.

17. Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with spirulina. by Babu, M. et al. 1995. Pub. in Nutrition and Cancer, Vol. 24, No. 2, 197-202. India.

18. Inhibitive effect and mechanism of polysaccharide of spirulina on transplanted tumor cells in mice. by Lisheng, et al. 1991. Pub. in Marine Sciences, Qingdao, N.5. pp 33-38. China.

19. Enhancement of endonuclease activity and repair DNA synthesis by polysaccharide of spirulina. by Qishen, P. et al. 1988. Pub. in Chinese Genetics Journal, 15 (5) 374-381. China.

20. Inhibition of experimental oral carcinogenesis by topical beta carotene. by Schwartz, et al. 1986. Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Pub. in Carcinogenesis, May 1986 7(5) 711-715. USA.

21. Hayashi K, Hayashi T, Kojima I. (1996): A natural sulfated polysaccharide, calcium spirulan, isolated from Spirulina platensis: in vitro and ex vivo evaluation of anti-herpes simplex virus and anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 12:1463"“71.

22. Inhibition of experimental oral carcinogenesis by topical beta carotene. by Schwartz, et al. 1986. Harvard School of Dental Medicine. Pub. in Carcinogenesis, May 1986 7(5) 711-715. USA.

23. Hayashi O, Katoh T, Okuwaki Y. (1994): Enhancement of antibody production in mice by dietary Spirulina platensis. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 40:431"“41.

24. Hongyan Wu, Kunshan Gao, Virginia E. VillafaÃ±e, Teruo Watanabe, E. Walter Helbling (2005): Effects of Solar UV Radiation on Morphology and Photosynthesis of Filamentous Cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(9): 5004-5013.

25. Iwata K, Inayama T, Kato T. (1990): Effects of Spirulina platensis on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in fructose-induced hyperlipidemic rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 36:165"“71.

26. Johnson PE, Shubert LE. (1986): Accumulation of mercury and other elements by spirulina (cyanophyceae). Nutr Rep Intl, 34(6):1063"“71.

27. Kapoor R, Mehta U. (1993): Effect of supplementation of blue green alga (Spirulina) on outcome of pregnancy in rats. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 1993; 43:29"“35.

28. Kebede Elizabeth (1996): Phytoplankton in a Salinity-Alkalinity? Series of Lakes in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Uppsala University (Sweden), 178 pp.

29. Kim HM, Lee EH, Cho HH, et al. (1998): Inhibitory effect of mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in rats by spirulina. Biochem Pharmacol, 55:1071"“76.

30. Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, Nair PP, et al. (1995): Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis. Nutr Cancer, 24:197"“202.

31. Mishima T, Murata J, Toyoshima M, et al. (1998): Inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis by calcium spirulan (Ca-SP), a novel sulfated polysaccharide derived from a blue-green alga, Spirulina platensis. Clin Exp Metastasis, 16:541"“50.

32. Nakashima MJ, Angold S, Beavin BB, et al. (1989): Extraction of light filth from Spirulina powders and tablets: collaborative study. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 72:451"“53.

33. Nakaya N, Homma Y, Goto Y. (1988): Cholesterol lowering effect of Spirulina. Nutr Rep Intl 1988; 37:1329"“37.

34. Microalga Spirulina. by Robert Henrikson. 1993. Pub. by Ediciones Urano, Barcelona Spain (in Spanish). Oikos Pharmaceuticals, C/ San Pedro, 29640 Fuengirola, MÃ¡laga, Costa del Sol, EspaÃ±a.

35. Orio Ciferri (1983): Spirulina, the edible organism. Microbiological Reviews, 47(4): 551"“578.

36. Schwartz J, Shklar G, Reid S, Trickler D. (1988): Prevention of experimental oral cancer by extracts of Spirulina-Dunaliella? algae. Nutr Cancer, 11:127"“34.

37. Susan M. Aubrey (2006): Spirulina: Answer for the hungry. Family Health News, www.familyhealthnews.com/articles-spirulina.html

38. Yang HN, Lee EH, Kim HM. (1997): Spirulina inhibits anaphylactic reaction. Life Sci, 61:1237"“44.

39. Hayashi K., et al, Phytotherapy Research, Vol. 7, 76-80 (1993). An Extract from Spirulina platensis is a Selective Inhibitor of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Penetration into HeLa Cells.

40. Remirez, D., R. Gonzalez, N. Merino, et al. "Inhibitory Effects of Spirulina in Zymosan-Induced Arthritis in Mice." Mediators of Inflammation 11 (April 2002): 75-79.

41. Remirez, D., N. Ledon, and R. Gonzalez. "Role of Histamine in the Inhibitory Effects of Phycocyanin in Experimental Models of Allergic Inflammatory Response." Mediators of Inflammation 11 (April 2002): 81-85.

42. Tonnina, D., et al. "Integral Toxicity Test of Sea Waters by an Algal Biosensor." Annali di Chimica (Rome) 92 (April 2002): 477-484.

43. Varga, L., J. Szigeti, R. Kovacs, et al. "Influence of a Spirulina platensis Biomass on the Microflora of Fermented ABT Milks During Storage (R1)." Journal of Dairy Science 85 (May 2002): 1031-1038.

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46. Chen LL et al. [Experimental study of spirulina platensis in treating allergic rhinitis in rats]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2005 Feb;30(1):96-8.

47. Radioprotective effect of extract from spirulina in mouse bone marrow cells studied by using the micronucleus test. by P. Qishen, Kolman et al. 1989. In Toxicology Letters 48: 165-169. China.

48. Enhancement of endonuclease activity and repair DNA synthesis by polysaccharide of spirulina. by Qishen, P. et al. 1988. Pub. in Chinese Genetics Journal, 15 (5) 374-381. China.

49. Means to normalize the levels of immunoglobulin E, using the food supplement Spirulina. by L. Evets, et al. 1994. Grodenski State Medical Univ. Russian Federation Committee of Patents and Trade. Patent (19)RU (11)2005486. Jan. 15, 1994. Russia.

50. Radioprotective effect of extract from spirulina in mouse bone marrow cells studied by using the micronucleus test. by P. Qishen, Kolman et al. 1989. In Toxicology Letters 48: 165-169. China.

51. Spirulina- natural sorbent of radionucleides. by L.P. Loseva and I.V. Dardynskaya. Sep 1993. Research Institute of Radiation Medicine, Minsk, Belarus. 6th Int'l Congress of Applied Algology, Czech Republic. Belarus.

52. Observations on the utilization of spirulina as an adjuvant nutritive factor in treating some diseases accompanied by a nutritional deficiency. by V. Fica, et al. 1984. Clinica II Medicala, Spitalui Clinic, Bucuresti. Med. Interna 36 (3). Romania. (In Romanian).

53. Means to normalize the levels of immunoglobulin E, using the food supplement Spirulina. by L. Evets, et al. 1994. Grodenski State Medical Univ. Russian Federation Committee of Patents and Trade. Patent (19)RU (11)2005486. Jan. 15, 1994. Russia.

54. Cingi C et al. The effects of spirulina on allergic rhinitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008 Oct;265(10):1219-23. Epub 2008 Mar 15.

55. Mao TK et al. Effects of a Spirulina-based dietary supplement on cytokine production from allergic rhinitis patients. J Med Food. 2005 Spring;8(1):27-30.

56. Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, Nair PP, et al. Nutr Cancer. 1995; 24(2):197-202.

57. Large scale nutritional supplementation with spirulina alga. by C.V. Seshadri. 1993. All India Coordinated Project on Spirulina. Shri Amm Murugappa Chettiar Research Center (MCRC) Madras, India.

58. Marles RJ et al. United States pharmacopeia safety evaluation of spirulina. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2011 Aug;51(7):593-604.

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66. Fukino H., Takagi Y., Yamane Y., Eisei Kagaku 36: 5.,1990. Effect of Spirulina Platensis on the renal toxicity induced by inorganic mercury and cisplatin.

67. Hayashi O., et al, Journal of Nutritional Sciences and Vitaminology, 40, 431-441, 1994. Enhancement of Antibody Production in Mice by Dietary Spirulina platensis.

68. Hypocholesterolemic effect of blue-green algae spirulina spirulina in albino rats. by M.A. Devi and L.V. Venkataraman. 1983. Pub. in Nutrition Reports Int'l, 28:519-530. India.

69. The effect of spirulina on reduction of serum cholesterol. by N. Nayaka, et al. 1986. Tokai Univ. Pub. in Progress in Medicine, Vol. 36, No. 11. Japan.

70. Effect of water soluble and water insoluble fractions of spirulina over serum lipids and glucose resistance of rats. by Y. Takai, et al. 1991. Pub. in J. Japan Soc. Nutr. Food Science, 44:273-277. Japan.

71. Effects of spirulina on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in rats. by K. Iwata, et al. 1990. Pub. .in Journal Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol, 36:165-171. Japan.

72. Current knowledge on potential health benefits of spirulina. by Amha Belay and Yoshimichi Ota. 1993. Pub. in Journal of Appl. Phycology, 5:235-241. USA.

73. Health Benefits of Spirulina. by Denise Fox. 1993. In Spirulina, Algae of Life. April 1993. Bulletin No. 12. Pub. by Institute Oceanographique, Monaco.

74. Microalgae as Food and Supplement by Robert A. Kay. 1991. In Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutr. 30(6):555-573. Pub. by CRC Press. USA.

75. Spirulina: a model for microalgae as human food. by Alan Jassby. 1988. In Algae and Human Affairs. edited by Lembi and Waaland. Pub. by Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.

76. Spirulina, the edible organism. by Orio Ciferri. 1983. In Microbiological Reviews.Dec 1983. 551-578. Italy.

77. Kolman A., et al Toxicology Letters, 48 (1989) 165-169 Elsevier. Radioprotective effect of extract from Spirulina platensis in mouse bone marrow cells studied by using the micronucleus test.

78. Lisheng L., et al, Marine Sciences, Qindao China, N. 5, 1991, p. 33-38. Inhibitive Effective and Mechanism of Polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis on Transplanted Tumor Cells in Mice.

79. Pang Qishen et al, Acta Genetica Sinica (Chinese Journal of Genetics), V.15(5) p. 374-381, 1988. Enhancement of Endonuclease Activity and repair DNA Synthesis by Polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis.

80. Qureshi M.A., Garlich J.D., Kidd M.T., Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 1996 (submitted), "Dietary Spirulina platensis Enhances Humoral and Cell-mediated Immune Functions In Chickens".

81. Zhang C., et al, 1994 Second Asia-Pacific Conference on Alga Biotechnology, April 25-27, p.58. The Effects of Polysaccharide and Phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis variety on Peripheral blood and Hematopoietic system of Bone Marrow in Mice.

82. Vonshak, A. (ed.). Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): Physiology, Cell-biology and Biotechnology. London: Taylor & Francis, 1997.

83. Spirulina. A Good Health Guide. by Jack Joseph Challem. 1981. Pub. by Keats Publishing, New Canaan, CT. USA.

84. Ciferri O (December 1983). "Spirulina, the edible microorganism". Microbiol. Rev. 47 (4): 551"“78. PMC 283708. PMID 6420655.

85. Habib, M. Ahsan B.; Parvin, Mashuda; Huntington, Tim C.; Hasan, Mohammad R. (2008). "A Review on Culture, Production and Use of Spirulina as Food dor Humans and Feeds for Domestic Animals and Fish". Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations. Retrieved November 20, 2011.

86. Effects of polysaccharide and phycocyanin from spirulina on peripheral blood and hematopoietic system of bone marrow in mice. by Zhang Cheng-Wu, et al.. April 1994. Nanjing Univ. China. Pub. in Proc. of Second Asia Pacific Conf. on Algal Biotech. Univ. of Malaysia. p.58. China.

87. Enhancement of antibody production in mice by dietary spirulina. by Hayashi, et al. June 1994. Kagawa Nutrition Univ. Japan. Pub. in Journal of Nutr. Science and Vitaminology. Japan.

88. Immune enhancement potential of spirulina in chickens. by M. Quereshi, et al. August 1994. Poultry Science Assoc. Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State, NC. Pub. in Journal of Poultry Science Vol 73, S.1. p. 46. USA.

89. Immunomodulary effects of spirulina supplementation in chickens. by M. Qureshi, et al. May 1995. North Carolina State. Pub. in Proc. of 44th Western Poultry Disease Conference, pp 117-120. USA.

90. Immunostimulating activity of lipopolysaccharides from blue-green algae. by L. Besednova, et al. 1979. Pub. in Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii, Immunobiologii, 56(12) pp 75-79. Russia.

91. Inhibitive effect and mechanism of polysaccharide of spirulina on transplanted tumor cells in mice. by Lisheng, et al. 1991.Pub. in Marine Sciences, Qingdao, N.5. pp 33-38. China.

92. Abdulqader, G., Barsanti, L., Tredici, M. "Harvest of Arthrospira platensis from Lake Kossorom (Chad) and its household usage among the Kanembu." Journal of Applied Phycology. 12: 493-498. 2000.

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96. Watanabe F, Katsura H, Takenaka S, Fujita T, Abe K, Tamura Y, Nakatsuka T, Nakano Y (1999). "Pseudovitamin B(12) is the predominant cobamide of an algal health food, spirulina tablets.". J. Agric. Food Chem. 47 (11): 4736"“41. doi:10.1021/jf990541b. PMID 10552882. "The results presented here strongly suggest that spirulina tablet algal health food is not suitable for use as a B12 source, especially in vegetarians."

97. Qureshi M.A., Ali R.A., Immunopharmacology, Jan. 1996. Phagocytic potential of Feline macrophages after exposure to a water soluble extract of spirulina in vitro.

98. a b c Tokusoglu O., Unal M.K. "Biomass Nutrient Profiles of Three Microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisis galbana". Journal of Food Science 68 (4): 2003.

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103. Study on effect and mechanism of polysaccharides of spirulina on body immune function improvement. by G. Baojiang, et al. April 1994. South China Normal Univ. China. Pub. in Proc. of Second Asia Pacific Conf. on Algal Biotech. Univ. of Malaysia. pp 33-38. China.

104. Effects of polysaccharide and phycocyanin from spirulina on peripheral blood and hematopoietic system of bone marrow in mice. by Zhang Cheng-Wu, et al.. April 1994. Nanjing Univ. China. Pub. in Proc. of Second Asia Pacific Conf. on Algal Biotech. Univ. of Malaysia. p.58. China.

105. Phagocytic potential of feline macrophages after exposure to a water soluble extract of spirulina in vitro. by M. Qureshi, et al. January 1996. Pub. in Immunopharmacology. in press. USA.

106. Spirulina extracts enhances chicken macrophage functions after in vitro exposure. by M. Qureshi, et al. 1995. Pub. in Jour. Nutritional Immunology, No. 3 (4) 35-45. USA.

107. Immune enhancement potential of spirulina in chickens. by M. Qureshi, et al. August 1994. Poultry Science Assoc. Dept. of Poultry Science, North Carolina State, NC. Pub. in Journal of Poultry Science Vol 73, S.1. p. 46. USA.

108. Immunomodulary effects of spirulina supplementation in chickens. by M. Qureshi, et al. May 1995. North Carolina State. Pub. in Proc. of 44th Western Poultry Disease Conference, pp 117-120. USA.

109. Immunostimulating activity of lipopolysaccharides from blue-green algae. by L. Besednova, et al. 1979. Pub. in Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii, Immunobiologii, 56(12) pp 75-79. Russia.

110. Means to normalize the levels of immunoglobulin E, using the food supplement Spirulina. by L. Evets, et al. 1994. Grodenski State Medical Univ. Russian Federation Committee of Patents and Trade. Patent (19)RU (11)2005486. Jan. 15, 1994. Russia.

111. Radioprotective effect of extract from spirulina in mouse bone marrow cells studied by using the micronucleus test. by P. Qishen, Kolman et al. 1989. In Toxicology Letters 48: 165-169. China.

112. Immune response activation in channel catfish ictaluras punctatus fed spirulina enriched artemia. by B. Portoni et al. 1996. American Fisheries Society Fish Health Section. USA.

113. Availability of iron to rats from spirulina, a blue-green algae. by P. Johnson and E. Shubert. 1986. Pub. in Nutrition Research Vol 6, 85-94. USA.

114. Belay, Amha (2008). "Spirulina (Arthrospira): Production and Quality Assurance". Spirulina in Human Nutrition and Health, CRC Press: 1"“25.

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117. Hayashi T. & Hayashi K., et al, Journal of Natural Products 1996, Vol. 59, No. 1, 83-87, American Chemical Society and American Society of Pharmacognosy. Calcium Spirulan, an Inhibitor of Enveloped Virus Replication, from a Blue-Green Alga Spirulina platensis.

118. McCarty, M. F. (2007). "Clinical Potential o fSpirulina as a Source of Phycocyanobilin". Journal of Medicinal Food 10 (4): 566"“570. doi:10.1089/jmf.2007.621. PMID 18158824.

119. Large scale nutritional supplementation with spirulina alga. by C.V. Seshadri. 1993. All India Coordinated Project on Spirulina. Shri Amm Murugappa Chettiar Research Center (MCRC) Madras, India.

120. Observations on the utilization of spirulina as an adjuvant nutritive factor in treating some diseases accompanied by a nutritional deficiency. by V. Fica, et al. 1984. Clinica II Medicala, Spitalui Clinic, Bucuresti. Med. Interna 36 (3). Romania. (in Romanian).

121. The study on curative effect of zinc containing spirulina for zinc deficient children. by Wen Yonghuang, et al. 1994. Capital Medical College, Beijing. Presented at 5th Int'l Phycological Congress, Qingdao, June 1994. China.

122. Antitumoral agents containing phycobilin- also used to treat ulcers and hemorrhoidal bleeding. by Dainippon Ink & Chemicals and Tokyo Kenkyukai. 1983. Patent 58065216 A 830418. Japan.

123 Effect of spirulina on the renal toxicity induced by inorganic mercury and cisplatin. by H. Fukino, et al. 1990. Pub. in Eisei Kagaku, 36:5, 1990. Japan.

124. Effects of polysaccharide and phycocyanin from spirulina on peripheral blood and hematopoietic system of bone marrow in mice. by Zhang Cheng-Wu, et al.. April 1994. Nanjing Univ. China. Pub. in Proc. of Second Asia Pacific Conf. on Algal Biotech. Univ. of Malaysia. China.

125. Calcium Spirulan, an inhibitor of enveloped virus replication, from a blue-green alga Spirulina. by Hayashi et al. 1996. Pub. in Journal of Natural Products, 59, 83-87. Japan.

126. Ayehunie, S. et al. "Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication by an Aqueous Extract of Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis)." JAIDS: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology. 18, 1, May 1998: 7-12.

127. Spirulina, Algae of Life. April 1993. Bulletin Special No. 12. Pub. by Institute Oceanographique, Monaco.

128. Barmejo-BescÃ³s, P., PiÃ±ero-Estrada, E., &Villar del Fresno, A. (2008). "Neuroprotection by Spirulina platensis protean extract and phycocyanin against iron-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells". Toxicology in Vitro 22 (6): 1496"“1502. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2008.05.004. PMID 18572379.

129. Khan M. et al. (December 2005). "Protective effect of Spirulina against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity". Phytotherapy Research 19 (12): 1030"“7. doi:10.1002/ptr.1783. PMID 16372368.

130. Wang, Y., et al. "Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage." Experimental Neurology. May, 2005 ;193(1):75-84.

131. Health Benefits of Spirulina. by Denise Fox. 1993. In Spirulina, Algae of Life. April 1993. Bulletin No. 12. Pub. by Institute Oceanographique, Monaco.

132. Gemma, C., et al. "Diets enriched in foods with high antioxidant activity reverse age-induced decreases in cerebellar beta-adrenergic function and increases in proinflammatory cytokines." Experimental Neurology. July 15, 2002; 22(14):6114-20.

133. Kulshreshtha, A., Zacharia, J., Jarouliya, U.,Bhadauriya, P., Prasad, G.B.K.S., & Bisen, P.S. (2008). "Spirulina in Health Care Management". Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 9 (5): 400"“405. doi:10.2174/138920108785915111. PMID 18855693.

134. "ALSUntangled No. 9: Blue-green algae (Spirulina) as a treatment for ALS". Amyotroph Lateral Scler 12 (2): 153"“5. March 2011. doi:10.3109/17482968.2011.553796. PMID 21323493.

135. Chen, LL, et al. "Experimental study of spirulina platensis in treating allergic rhinitis in rats." Journal of Central South University (Medical Sciences). Feb. 2005. 30(1):96-8.

136. Simpore, J., et al. "Nutrition Rehabilitation of HIV-Infected and HIV-Negative Undernourished Children Utilizing Spirulina." Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 49, 2005: 373-380.

137. Effectiveness of spirulina algae as food for children with protein-energy malnutrition in a tropical environment. by P. Bucaille. 1990. University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. Oct. 1990. Zaire. (in French).

138. Mir Misbahuddin, AZM Maidul Islam, Salamat Khandker, Ifthaker-Al-Mahmud, Nazrul Islam and Anjumanara. Efficacy of spirulina extract plus zinc in patients of chronic arsenic poisoning: a randomized placebo-controlled study. (Risk factors ). Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology. 44.2 (March 2006): p135(7).

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Carrot

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34. http://curecancercells.com/carrot-juice/
35. http://www.carrotmuseum.co.uk/falcarinol.html
36. http://www.naturalnews.com/042513_carrots_surprising_facts_health_benefits.html
37. http://myhealthbynature.com/carrot-juice-benefits-side-effects/
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39. http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/

40. http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods

Red Raspberry

closeup-shot-cute-fresh-raspberries-one-

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35. http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=80-40-05-25

Milk Thistle Seed

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49. Sanhuenza J et al. Changes in the xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase ratio in the rat kidney subjected to ischemia-reperfusion stress: preventive effect of some flavonoids. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1992;78:211-8.
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54. Skottova N, Krecman V. Dietary silymarin improves removal of low density lipoproteins by the perfused rat liver. Acta Univ Palacki Fac Med 1998;141:39-40.
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56. Sonnenbichler J et al. Biochemical effects of the flavonolignan silibinin on RNA, protein, and DNA synthesis in rat livers. Progress Clin Biol Res 1986;213:319-31.
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58. Strauber RE, Stindl G. Protective effect of silibinin against ethanol-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. J Hepatol 1999;30 (Suppl):277.
59. Soto CP et al. Prevention of alloxan-induced diabetes in the rat by silymarin. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 1998;119:125-9.
60. Tang ZJ. Alterations in insulin receptor in injured rats and the effects of dexamethasone and silibinin. Chung Hua 1991;7:214-7.
61. Valenzuela A et al. Selectivity of silymarin on the increase of glutathione content in different tissues of the rat. Planta Med 1989;55:420-2.
62. Valenzuela A et al. Effect of silibinin dihemisuccinate on the ethanol metabolizing systems of the rat liver. Cell Biochem Funct 1989;7:173-8.
63. Valenzuela A, Garrido A. Biochemical bases of the pharmacological action of the flavonoid silymarin and its structural isomer silibinin. Biol Res 1994;27:105-12.
64. Velussi M et al. Long-term (12 months) treatment with antioxidant drug (silymarin) is effective on hyperinsulinemia, exogenous insulin need and malondialdehyde in cirrhotic diabetic patients. J Hepatol 1997;26:871-9.
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67. Zi X et al. Novel cancer chemopreventive effects of silymarin: inhibition of mRNA expression of an endogenous tumor promoter TNF alpha. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;239:334-9.
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74. Mourelle, M., P. Muriel, L. Favari, T. Franco. 1989. Prevention of CC14-induced liver cirrhosis by silymarin. Fundam Clin Pharm 3(3):183"“191
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Cardamom

1.Verma SK, "Blood pressure lowering, fibrinolysis enhancing and antioxidant activities of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)," Indian J Biochem Biophys, Dec, 2009, avaliable from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20361714, Accessed January 16, 2018.

2. Souissi M, Axelmat J, Kamel C, Antibacterial and Ant-iinflammatory activities of Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) extracts: potential therapeutic benefits for peridontal infections. Anaerobe 2020 Vol 61

3. S.T. Auti, Y.A. Kulkarni. Neuroprotective effect of cardamom oil against aluminum induced neurotoxicity in rats Frontiers in Neurology, 10 (2019), p. 399

4. A.A. Gomaa, R.M. Makboul, M.A. El-Mokhtar, E.A. Abdel-Rahman, I.A. Ahmed, M.A. Nicola. Terpenoid-rich Elettaria cardamomum extract prevents Alzheimer-like alterations induced in diabetic rats via inhibition of GSK3β activity, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine, 113 (2019), pp. 405-416

5. S.S. Husain, M. Ali. Analysis of volatile oil of the fruits of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton and its antimicrobial activity. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3 (2) (2014), pp. 1798-1808

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8. H. Okugawa, M. Moriyasu, S. Matsushita, K. Saiki, Y. Hashimoto, K. Matsumoto, A. Kato. Evaluation of crude drugs by a combination of enfleurage and chromatography-4-on flavor components in seeds of Amomum cardamomum and Elettaria cardamomum. Shoyakugaku Zasshi, 42 (1) (1988), pp. 94-97

9. K.P.A. Padmakumari Amma, P.N. Venugopalan Nair, I. Sasidharan, M. Priya Rani. Chemical composition, flavonoid-phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity of four major varieties of cardamom. International Journal of Biological & Medical Research, 3 (2010), pp. 20-24

10. S. Sengottuvelu. Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Linn. Maton) seeds in health. Nuts and seeds in health and disease prevention, Academic Press (2011), pp. 285-291

11. Muthusamy M, Dhanya M.K, Warkentin T.D, Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton] – A critical review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Volume 246, 10 January 2020

12. Masoumi-Ardakani Y, Mahmoudvand H, Amin M, Esmaeilpour K, Ghazvini H, Khalifeh S, Seperhri G. The effect of Elettaria cardamomum extract on anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. Volume 87, March 2017, Pages 489-495

13. Makboul RM, El-Mokhtar Mohamed A., Abdel-Rahman E.a., Ahmed Israa A., Nicola MA.. Terpenoid-rich Elettaria cardamomum extract prevents Alzheimer-like alterations induced in diabetic rats via inhibition of GSK3ß activity, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine Vol 113, Jan 2019, 405-416

14. Malti JE, Mountassif D, Amarouch H. Antimicrobial activity of Elettaria cardamomum: Toxicity, biochemical and histological studies. Food Chemistry Vol 104, 4 2007 1560-1568

15. Jamal A, Kalim J, Aslam M, Jafri M.A. Gastroprotective effect of cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum fruits in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology Vol 103, 2, Jan 2006, 149-153

16. Elguindy NM, Galila Y.A, El Azab EF, Maghraby HK. Chemoprotective Effect of Elettaria Cardamomum against Chemically induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats by inhibiting NF-kB, Oxidative Stress, and Activity of Ornithine Decarboxylase. South African Journal of Botany, Vol 105, Jul 2016, 251-258

17. Zahedi SG, Qorbani M, Esfahani-Nasli E, Aghasi M, Khoshamal H, Keshavarz A, Sotoudeh G. The effects of Elettaria cardamom supplementation on inflammatory markers and vascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A mechanism-based randomized clinical trial. Journal of Herbal Medicine. Vol 25, Feb 2021.

18. Anwaruul HG, Jabeen Q, Khan Au, Abdul JS. Gutmodulatory, blood pressure lowering, diuretic and sedative activities of cardamom. Journal of Ethnopharmacology Vol 115, 3. 2008. 4663-472

19. Bouzabata A, Mahomoodally MF. A quantitative documentation of traditionally-used medicinal plants from Northeastern Algeria: Interactions of beliefs among healers and diabetic patients. Journal of Herbal Medicine, vol 22, Aug 2020. Bhide, Monica.

20. Bhattacharjee S, et al. Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation and Enhancement of GST Activity by Cardamom and Cinnamom during Chemically induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Asia Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2007, Vol 8. 4. 578-582.

21."Queen of Spices", Saveur, 8 March 2010. Retrieved on 4 December 2014.

Acai Berry

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Kale

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Lion’s Mane

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Acerola Cherry

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Rosehip

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Ginger

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51. Srivastava KC, Mustafa T. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in rheumatism and musculoskeletal disorders. Med Hypoth 1992;39:342"“8.
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57. Careddu P. Motion sickness in children: Results of a double-blind study with ginger (ZintonaÂ®) and dimenhydrinate. Healthnotes Rev Complementary Integrative Med 1999;6:102"“7.
58. Bone ME, Wilkinson DJ, Young JR, et al. Ginger root"”a new antiemetic: The effect of ginger root on postoperative nausea and vomiting after major gynaecological surgery. Anaesthesia 1990;45:669"“71.
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65. al-Yahya MA, Rafatullah S, Mossa JS, et al. Gastroprotective activity of ginger in albino rats. Am J Chinese Med 1989;17:51"“6.
66. Bordia A, Verma SK, Srivastava KC. Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L) on blood lipids, blood sugar, and platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. Prostagland Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 1997;56:379"“84.
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83. Visalyaputra S, Petchpaisit N, Somcharoen K, Choavaratana R. The efficacy of ginger root in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after outpatient gynaecological laparoscopy. Anaesthesia 1998;53(5):506-10.
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Lingonberry

1.Oana-Crina Buior, Christian Ginies, Valentin I. Popa, Claire Dufour, et al. Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant activity of Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitus-idaea L.) leaf, stem and fruit at different harvest periods. Food Chemistry. 2018; 252:356-365

2. Törrönen R, Kolehmainen M, Sarkkinen E, Poutanen K, Mykkänen H, Niskanen L. Berries reduce postprandial insulin responses to wheat and rye breads in healthy women. J Nutr. 2013 Apr;143(4):430-6. doi: 10.3945/jn.112.169771. Epub 2013 Jan 30.

3.Törrönen R, Kolehmainen M, Sarkkinen E, Mykkänen H, Niskanen L. Postprandial glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid responses to sucrose consumed with blackcurrants and lingonberries in healthy women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Sep;96(3):527-33. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.042184. Epub 2012 Aug 1.

4. Riitta Törrönen, Marjukka Kolehmainen, Essi Sarkkinen, Hannu Mykkänen, Leo Niskanen, Postprandial glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid responses to sucrose consumed with blackcurrants and lingonberries in healthy women, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 96, Issue 3, September 2012, Pages 527–533, https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.042184

5. Quek R, Henry CJ. Influence of polyphenols from lingonberry, cranberry, and red grape on in vitro digestibility of rice. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2015;66(4):378-82. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1042849. Epub 2015 May 26. PMID: 26008717.

6. Chiok M, Satora P, Skotniczny M, Semik-Szczurak D, et al. Charactarisation of Antimicrobial Properties of Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants. Polish Journal of Microbiology. 2017; Dec. 66(4): 463-472

7.Fu Z, Liska D, Talan D, Chung M. Cranberry Reduces the Risk of Urinary Tract Infection Recurrence in Otherwise Healthy Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Nutr. 2017 Dec;147(12):2282-2288. doi: 10.3945/jn.117.254961. Epub 2017 Oct 18. PMID: 29046404.

8. Davidson E, Zimmermann BF, Jungfer E, Chrubasik-Hausmann S. Prevention of urinary tract infections with vaccinium products. Phytother Res. 2014 Mar;28(3):465-70. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5047. Epub 2013 Aug 6. PMID: 23922238.

9.Wojnicz D, Kucharska AZ, Sokół-Łętowska A, Kicia M, Tichaczek-Goska D. Medicinal plants extracts affect virulence factors expression and biofilm formation by the uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Urol Res. 2012 Dec;40(6):683-97. doi: 10.1007/s00240-012-0499-6. Epub 2012 Aug 23. PMID: 22915095; PMCID: PMC3495101.

10. Tapiainen T, Jauhiainen H, Jaakola L, Salo J, Sevander J, Ikäheimo I, Pirttilä AM, Hohtola A, Uhari M. Biofilm formation and virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urine after consumption of cranberry-lingonberry juice. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012 May;31(5):655-62. doi: 10.1007/s10096-011-1355-2. Epub 2011 Aug 7. PMID: 21822564.

11. Nikolaeva-Glomb L, Mukova L, Nikolova N, Badjakov I, Dincheva I, Kondakova V, Doumanova L, Galabov AS. In vitro antiviral activity of a series of wild berry fruit extracts against representatives of Picorna-, Orthomyxo- and Paramyxoviridae. Nat Prod Commun. 2014 Jan;9(1):51-4. PMID: 24660461.

12. Nilsson A, Salo I, Plaza M, Björck I. Effects of a mixed berry beverage on cognitive functions and cardiometabolic risk markers; A randomized cross-over study in healthy older adults. PLoS One. 2017 Nov 15;12(11):e0188173. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188173. eCollection 2017.

13. Nilsson A, Salo I, Plaza M, Björck I. Effects of a mixed berry beverage on cognitive functions and cardiometabolic risk markers; A randomized cross-over study in healthy older adults. PLoS One. 2017 Nov 15;12(11):e0188173. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188173. PMID: 29141041; PMCID: PMC5687726.

14. Zuo C, Li W, Wang L, Zhu J, Wang L, Wang Z. [Effects of lingonberry extraction on the mice cognitive function damaged by chronic stress]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2015 Nov;44(6):943-8. Chinese. PMID: 26738388

15. Bhullar KS, Rupasinghe HPV. Partridgeberry polyphenols protect primary cortical and hippocampal neurons against β-amyloid toxicity. Food Res Int. 2015 Aug;74:237-249. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.019. Epub 2015 May 11. PMID: 28411989

16. Bhullar KS, Rupasinghe HP. Partridgeberry polyphenols protect rat primary cortical neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion-induced injury via suppression of inflammatory adipokines and regulation of HIF-1α and PPARγ. Nutr Neurosci. 2016 Jul;19(6):260-8. doi: 10.1179/1476830515Y.0000000026. Epub 2015 May 5. PMID: 25941748

17. Isaak CK, Petkau JC, Blewett H, O K, Siow YL. Lingonberry anthocyanins protect cardiac cells from oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2017 Aug;95(8):904-910. doi: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0667. Epub 2017 Apr 6. PMID: 28384410

18. Isaak CK, Wang P, Prashar S, O K, Brown DC, Debnath SC, Siow YL. Supplementing diet with Manitoba lingonberry juice reduces kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Sci Food Agric. 2017 Jul;97(9):3065-3076. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.8200. Epub 2017 Feb 6. PMID: 28074603

19. Pärnänen P, Nawaz A, Sorsa T, Meurman J, Nikula-Ijäs P. The Effect of Fermented Lingonberry Juice on Candida glabrata Intracellular Protein Expression. Int J Dent. 2017;2017:6185395. doi: 10.1155/2017/6185395. Epub 2017 Mar 30. PMID: 28465686; PMCID: PMC5390647

20.Heyman-Lindén L, Kotowska D, Sand E, et al. Lingonberries alter the gut microbiota and prevent low-grade inflammation in high-fat diet fed mice. Food Nutr Res. 2016;60:29993. Published 2016 Apr 27. doi:10.3402/fnr.v60.29993

21.Matziouridou C, Marungruang N, Nguyen TD, Nyman M, Fåk F. Lingonberries reduce atherosclerosis in Apoe(-/-) mice in association with altered gut microbiota composition and improved lipid profile. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2016 May;60(5):1150-60. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500738. Epub 2016 Mar 22. PMID: 26890232

22. Ogawa K, Kuse Y, Tsuruma K, Kobayashi S, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Protective effects of bilberry and lingonberry extracts against blue light-emitting diode light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage in vitro. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014 Apr 2;14:120. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-120. PMID: 24690313; PMCID: PMC3992157

23. Eriksson NE, Möller C, Werner S, Magnusson J, Bengtsson U, Zolubas M. Self-reported food hypersensitivity in Sweden, Denmark, Estonia, Lithuania, and Russia. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2004;14(1):70-9. PMID: 15160445

Bilberry

1. Canter PH, Ernst E. Anthocyanosides of Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) for night vision--a systematic review of placebo-controlled trials. Surv Ophthalmol. 2004 Jan-Feb;49(1):38-50. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2003.10.006. PMID: 1471143

2. Bagchi D, Roy S, Patel V, et al. Safety and whole body antioxidant potential of a novel anthocyanin-rich formula of edible berries. Mol Cell Biochem. 2006;281:197–209.

3. Bagchi D, Sen C.K, Bagchi M, Atalay M. Anti-angiogenic, antioxidant, and anti-carcinogenic properties of a novel anthocyaninin-rich berry extract formula. Biochem (Moscow). 2004;69:75–80.

4. Bao L, Abe K, Tsang P, Xu J.K, Yao X.S, Liu H.W, Kurihara H. Bilberry extract protect restraint stress-induced liver damage through attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. Fitoterapia. Jul 8, 2010. 2010. e doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.07.004.pub.

5. Barringer T.A, Hatcher L, Sasser H.C. Potential benefits on impairment of endothelial function after a high-fat meal of 4 weeks of flavonoid supplementation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008;10:1–6. [PMC free article]

6. Bertuglia S, Malandrino S, Colantuoni A. Effect of Vaccinium myrtillis anthocyanosides on ischaemic reperfusion injury in hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. Pharmacol Res. 1995;31:183–7.

7. Bravetti G.O, Fraboni E, Maccolini E. Preventive medical treatment of senile cataract with vitamin E and Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides: Clinical evaluation. Ann Ottalmol Clin Ocul. 1989;115:109–16.

8. Burdulis D, Sarkinas A, Jasutienè I, Stackivicenè E, Nikolajevas L, Janulis V. Comparative study of anthocyanin composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fruits. Acta Pol Pharm. 2009;66:399–408.

9. Camire M.E. Herbs Botanicals and Teas. Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Company; 2000. Bilberries and blueberries as functional foods and nutraceuticals; pp. 289–319.

10. Canter P.H, Ernst E. Anthocyanosides of Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) for night vision-a systematic review of placebo-controlled trials. Surv Ophthalmol. 2004;49:38–50.

11. Chatterjee A, Yasmin T, Bagchi D, Stohs S.J. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori in vitro by various berry extracts, with enhanced susceptibility to clarithromycin. Mol Cell Biochem. 2004;265:19–26.

12. Chen J, Uto T, Tanigawa S, Kumamoto T, Fuji M, Hou D.X. Expression profiling of genes targeted by bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) in macrophages through DNA array. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60:43–50.

13. Choi E.H, Ok H.E, Yoon Y, Magnuson B.A, Kim M.K, Chun H.S. Protective effect of anthocyanin-rich extract from bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) against myelotoxicity induced by 5-fluorouracil. Biofactors. 2007;29:55–65.

14. Choi E.H, Park J.H, Kim M.K, Chun H.S. Alleviation of doxorubicin-induced toxicities by anthocyanin-rich bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract in rats and mice. Biofactors. 2010 2010 July 7;36:319–27. Epub.

15. Cignarella A, Nastasi M, Cavalli E, Puglisi L. Novel lipid lowering properties of Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaves, a traditional antidiabetic treatment, in several models of rat dyslipidaemia: A comparison with clofibrate. Thromb Res. 1996;84:311–22.

16. Clifford M.N. Anthocyanins—nature, occurrence and dietary burden. J Sci Food Agric. 2000;80:1063–72.

17. Cooke D, Schwartz M, Boocock D, Winterhalter P, Steward W.P, Gescher A.J, Marczylo T.H. Effect of cyanidin-3-glucoseide andan anthocyanin mixture on adenoma development in the ApcMin mouse model of intestinal carcinogenesis—relationship with tissue anthocyanin levels. Int J Cancer. 2006;119:2213–20.

18. Cravotto G, Boffa L, Genzini L, Garella D. Phytotherapeutics: An evaluation of the potential of 1000 plants. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2010;35:11–48.

19. Detre Z, Jellinek H, Miskulin M, Robert A.M. Studies on vascular permeability in hypertension: Action of anthocyanosides. Clin Physiol Biochem. 1986;4:143–9.

20. Dreiseitel A, Schreier P, Oehme A, et al., editors. Inhibition of proteasome activity by anthocyanins and anthocyanidins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;372:57–61.

21. Duthie S. Berry phytochemicals, genomic stability and cancer: Evidence for chemoprevention at several stages in the carcinogenic processes. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007;52:386–7.

22. Erlund I, Kol R, Alfthan G, et al., editors. Favourable effects of berry consumption on platelet function, blood pressure, and HDL cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:323–31.

23. Erlund I, Marniemi J, Hakala P, Alfthan G, Meririnne E, Aro A. Consumption of blackcurrants, lingonberries and bilberries increases serum quercetin concentrations. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57:37–42.

24. Ghosh D, Konishi T. Anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich extracts: Role in diabetes and eye function. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16:200–8.

25. Grace M.H, Ribnicky D.M, Kuhn P, et al., editors. Hypoglycaemic activity of a novel anthocyanin-rich formulation from low-bush blueberry, Vaccinium anustifolium Aiton. Phytomedicine. 2009 2009 March 20;16:406–15. Epub.

26. Helmstädter A, Schuster N. Vaccinium myrtillus as an antidiabetic medicinal plant-research through the ages. Pharmazie. 2010;65:315–21.

27. Hou D.-X. Potential mechanism of cancer chemoprevention by anthocyanins. Curr Mol Med. 2003;3:149–59. http://www.ukwildflowers.com/ (accessed June 4th 2010)

28. Huttunen S, Toivanen M, Arkko S, Ruponen M, Tikkanen-Kaukanen C. Inhibition activity of wild berry juice fractions against Streptococcus pneumoniae binding to human bronchial cells. Phytother Res. 2010. n/a. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3240.

29. Jang Y.P, Zhou J, Nakanishi K, Sparrow J.R. Anthocyanins protect against photooxidation and membrane permeabilization in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Photochem Photobiol. 2005;81:529–36.

30. Jayaprakasam B, Vareed S.K, Olsen L.K, Nair M.G. Insulin secretion by bioactive anthocyanins and anthocyanins present in fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:28–31.

31. Karlsen A, Paur I, Bøhn S.V, et al., editors. Bilberry juice modulates plasma concentration of NF-κB related inflammatory markers in subjects at increased risk of CVD. Eur J Nutr. 2010 2010 February 2;49:345–55. Epub.

32. Karlsen A, Retterstol L, Laake P, Paur I, Kjolsrud-Bohn S, Sandvik L, Blomhoff R. Anthocyanins inhibit nuclear factor-B activation in monocytes and reduce plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators in healthy adults. J Nutr. 2007;137:1951–4.

33. Katsube N, Iwashita K, Tsuchida T, Yamaki K, Kobori M. Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus ) and the anthocyanins. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51:68–75.

34. Kim Y.S, Young M.R, Bobe G, Colburn N.H, Milner J.A. Bioactive food components, inflammatory targets and cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res. 2009;2:200–8.

35. Kolosova N.G, Shcheglova T.V, Sergeeva S.V, Loskutova L.V. Long term antioxidant supplementationattenuates oxidative stress markers and cognitive deficits in senescent-accelerated OXYS rats. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27:1289–97.

36. Kong J.-M, Chia L.-S, Goh N.-K, Chia T.-F, Brouillard R. Analysis and biological activities of anthocyanins. Phytochem. 2003;64:923–33.

37. Kowalczyk C, Kxzesmski P, Kura M, Szmigiel B, Blaszczyk J. Anthocyanins in medicine. Pol J Pharmacol. 2003;55:699–702.

38. Lala G, Malik M, Zhao C, He J, Kwon Y, Giusti M.M, Magnuson B.A. Anthocyanin-rich extracts inhibit multiple biomarkers of colon cancer in rats. Nutr Cancer. 2006;54:84–93.

39. Lazzé M.C, Pizzaa R, Savio M, Stivala L.A, Prosperi E, Bianchi L. Anthocyanins protect against DNA damage induced by tert-butyl-hydroperoxide in rat smooth muscle and hepatoma cells. Mutat Res. 2003;535:103–15.

40. Lee S.W. Effects of bilberry ingestion on biomarkers of health and antioxidant content. MSc Thesis. Hong Kong: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; 2008.

41. Lee M.H, Kwon H.A, Kwon D.Y, et al., editors. Antibacterial activity of medicinal herb extracts against Salmonella. Int J Food Microbiol. 2006;111:270–5.

42. Lee J, Lee H.K, Kim C.Y, Choe C.M, You T.W, Seong G.J. Purified high-dose anthocyanoside oligomer administration improves nocturnal vision and clinical symptoms in myopia subjects. Br J Nutr. 2005;93:895–9.

43. Madhavi D.L, Bomser J, Smith M. A. L, Singleton K. Isolation of bioactive constituents of Vaccinium myrtillis (bilberry) fruits and cell cultures. Plant Sci. 1998;131:95–103.

44. Martineau L.C, Couture A, Spoor D, et al., editors. Anti-diabetic properties of the Canadian low-bush blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Phytomedicine. 2006;13:612–23.

45. Mas T, Susperregui J, Berkè B, Chéze C, Moreau S, Nuhrich A, Vercauteren J. DNA triplex stabilization property of natural anthocyanins. Phytochem. 2000;53:679–87.

46. Matsui T, Ogunwande I.A, Abesundara K.J, Matsumoto K. Anti-hyperglycemic potential of natural products. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2006;6:349–56.

47. Matsunaga N, Imai S, Inokuchi Y, Shimazawa M, Yokata S, Araki Y, Hara H. Bilberry and its main constituents have neuroprotective effects against retinal neuronal damage in vitro and in vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2009;53:869–77. [PubMed]

48. Matsunaga N, Tsuruma K, Shimazawa M, Yokota S, Hara H. Inhibitory actions of bilberry anthycyanidins on angiogenesis. Phytother Res. 2010;24:S42–7.

49. Mazza G, Kay C.D, Correll T, Holub B.J. Absorption of anthocyanins from blueberries and serum antioxidant status in human subjects. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50:7731–7.

50. McDougall G.J, Kulkarni N.N, Stewart D. Current developments on the inhibitory effects of berry polyphenols on digestive enzymes. Biofactors. 2008;34:73–80.

51. Milbury P.E, Graf B, Curran-Celentano J.M, Blumberg J.M. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) anthocyanins modulate heme oxygenase-1 and glutathione S-tranferase-pi expression in ARPE-19 cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:2343–9.

52. Mutanen M, Pajari A.M, Paivarinta E, Misikangas M, Rajakangas J, Marttinen M, Oikarinen S. Berries as preventive dietary constituents-a mechanistic approach with ApcMin+ mouse. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17:123–5.

53. Nguyen V, Tang J, Oroudjev E, Lee C.J, Marasigan C, Wilson L, Ayoub G. Cytotoxic effects of bilberry extract in MCF7-GFP-tubulin breast cancer cells. J Med Food. 2010;13:278–85.

54. Packer L, Cadenas E. Oxidants and antioxidants revisited: New concepts of oxidative stress. Free Radic Res. 2007;41:951–2.

55. Park S.J, Shin W.H, Seo J.W, Kim E.J. Anthocyanins inhibit airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in a murine asthma model. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007;45:1459–67.

56. Persson I.A, Persson K, Andersson R.G. Effect of Vaccinium myrtillus and its polyphenols on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in human endothelial cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57:4626–9.

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61. Puupponen-Pimià R, Nohynek L, Alakomi H.-L, Oksman-Caldentey K.-M. Theaction of berry phenolics against human intestinal pathogens. Biofactors. 2005b;23:243–51.

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66. Seeram N.P. Berry fruits for cancer prevention: Current status and future prospects. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;56:630–5.

67. Sharma A.D, Sharma R. Anthocyanin-DNA copigmentation complex: Mutual protection against oxidative damage. Phytochem. 1999;52:1313–8.

68. Shukitt-Hale B, Lau F.C, Joseph J.A. Berry fruit supplementation and the aging brain. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;56:636–41.

69. Song J, Li Y, Ge J, et al., editors. Protective effects of bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillis L.) extracts on cultured human corneal limbal epithelial cells (HCLEC). PhytotherRes. 2010;24:520–4.

70. Svobodová A, Zdarilová A, Vostalova J. Locinere caerulea and Vaccinium myrtillus fruit polyphenols protect HaCaT keratinocytes against UVB-induced phototoxic stress and DNA damage. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;56:196–201.

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